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class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Observable 与 RxJS" aria-pressed="false"><span>Observable 与 RxJS</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/observables" title="" target="_self"><span>可观察对象(Observable)</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/rx-library" title="" target="_self"><span>RxJS 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collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular 中的模块" aria-pressed="false"><span>NgModules</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodules" title="使用 NgModule 让你的应用更高效" target="_self"><span>NgModule 简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-vs-jsmodule" title="JavaScript 模块和 NgModule 之间的差异" target="_self"><span>JS 模块 vs NgModule</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/bootstrapping" title="告诉 Angular 如何在根 &quot;AppModule&quot; 中构造和引导应用。" target="_self"><span>应用的根模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/frequent-ngmodules" title="介绍最常用的 NgModule" target="_self"><span>常用模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/module-types" title="介绍特性模块的几种类型" target="_self"><span>特性模块的分类</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/entry-components" title="关于 Angular 中入口组件的一切" target="_self"><span>入口组件</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/feature-modules" title="创建特性模块，以组织你的代码" target="_self"><span>特性模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/providers" title="服务提供商与 NgModule" target="_self"><span>服务提供商</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/singleton-services" title="创建单例服务" target="_self"><span>单例服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/lazy-loading-ngmodules" title="惰性加载模块，以提高应用的性能" target="_self"><span>惰性加载的特性模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/sharing-ngmodules" title="共享 NgModule 让你的应用现代化。" target="_self"><span>共享 NgModule</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-api" title="理解 NgModule 的那些细节。" target="_self"><span>NgModule API</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-faq" title="回答关于 NgModules 的常见问题。" target="_self"><span>NgModule 常见问题</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="依赖注入：创建并注入各种服务。" aria-pressed="false"><span>依赖注入</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dependency-injection" title="Angular 的依赖注入系统能够为 Angular 创建的类创建并交付它们所依赖的服务。" target="_self"><span>Angular 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level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dependency-injection-navtree" title="使用注入器树来查找父组件。" target="_self"><span>浏览组件树</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/http" title="通过 HTTP 协议与远程服务器对话。" target="_self"><span>HttpClient</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/router" title="揭示如何通过 Angular 路由进行基本的屏幕导航。" target="_self"><span>路由与导航</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular 动画系统指南" aria-pressed="false"><span>动画</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/animations" title="Angular 动画的基础技术。" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/transition-and-triggers" title="转场与触发器的高级技术。" target="_self"><span>转场与触发器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/complex-animation-sequences" title="复杂的 Angular 动画序列。" target="_self"><span>复杂序列</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/reusable-animations" title="创建可复用的动画。" target="_self"><span>可复用动画</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/route-animations" title="为路由提供转场动画。" target="_self"><span>路由转场动画</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 expanded selected ng-star-inserted" title="把 Angular 用到你的实际工作中的一些技巧" aria-pressed="true"><span>其它技术</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 expanded selected"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/security" title="Angular 应用开发中的安全技术。" target="_self"><span>安全</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/i18n" title="把应用模板中的文本翻译成多种语言。" target="_self"><span>国际化（i18n）</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/accessibility" title="设计能被所有用户访问的应用" target="_self"><span>无障碍（a11y）</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular Service Worker: 控制应用资源的缓存。" aria-pressed="false"><span>Service Worker 与 PWA</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-intro" title="Angular 对 Service Worker 的实现提升了慢速或不稳定的网络连接下的用户体验。" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-getting-started" title="在 CLI 项目中启用 Service Worker，并在浏览器中查看效果。" target="_self"><span>快速上手</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/app-shell" title="在 CLI 项目中启用应用外壳。" target="_self"><span>应用外壳</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-communications" title="那些能让你和 Angular 的 Service Worker 通讯的服务类。" target="_self"><span>与 Service Worker 通讯</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-devops" title="使用 Service Worker 运行应用、管理应用更新、调试以及杀掉正在运行的应用。" target="_self"><span>生产环境下的 Service Worker</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-config" title="配置 Service Worker 的缓存行为。" target="_self"><span>Service Worker 配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 expanded selected ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/universal" title="使用 Angular Universal 在服务端渲染 HTML。" target="_self"><span>服务端渲染</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="把 AngularJS 应用增量式的升级到 Angular。" aria-pressed="false"><span>从 AngularJS 升级</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/upgrade" title="把 AngularJS 应用增量式的升级到 Angular。" target="_self"><span>升级步骤</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/upgrade-performance" title="用更灵活的方式把 AngularJS 升级到 Angular。" target="_self"><span>更关注性能的升级方式</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ajs-quick-reference" title="学习如何把 AngularJS 的概念映射到 Angular 中。" target="_self"><span>AngularJS 与 Angular 的概念对照</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="使用共享库扩展 Angular" aria-pressed="false"><span>开发 Angular 库</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/libraries" title="理解何时以及如何使用和创建库。" target="_self"><span>库概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/using-libraries" title="把已发布的库集成进你的应用中。" target="_self"><span>使用已发布的库</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/creating-libraries" title="通过创建、发布和使用你自己的库来扩展 Angular。" target="_self"><span>创建库</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="理解原理图" aria-pressed="false"><span>原理图（Schematic）</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics" title="理解 Angular 如何使用原理图。" target="_self"><span>原理图概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics-authoring" title="理解原理图的结构。" target="_self"><span>制作原理图</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics-for-libraries" title="使用原理图来把你的库集成进 Angular CLI 中。" target="_self"><span>库的原理图</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/cli-builder" title="使用构建器定制 Angular CLI。" target="_self"><span>CLI 构建器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/web-worker" title="在 Angular CLI 中使用 Web Worker。" target="_self"><span>Web Worker</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="关于构建、测试和部署的信息" aria-pressed="false"><span>开发工作流</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="理解 AOT 预先编译器。" aria-pressed="false"><span>AOT 预先编译器</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/aot-compiler" title="学习为何以及如何使用预先编译器。" target="_self"><span>预先编译</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/angular-compiler-options" title="配置 AOT 编译。" target="_self"><span>Angular 编译器选项</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/aot-metadata-errors" title="解决 AOT 编译错误。" target="_self"><span>AOT 元数据错误</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-typecheck" title="Angular 中的模板类型检查。" target="_self"><span>模板类型检查</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/build" title="构建应用及为应用启动开发服务器。" target="_self"><span>构建与运行</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/bazel" title="如何配置你的环境，以利用 Bazel 进行构建和测试。" target="_self"><span>使用 Bazel 进行构建</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing" title="测试 Angular 应用的技巧与实践。" target="_self"><span>测试</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/deployment" title="了解如何部署 Angular 应用。" target="_self"><span>发布</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="与开发环境和工具集成起来" aria-pressed="false"><span>开发工具集成</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/language-service" title="使用 Angular 语言服务加速开发。" target="_self"><span>语言服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="工作空间与项目的结构，及其配置文件。" aria-pressed="false"><span>配置</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/file-structure" title="Angular 工作区在文件系统中是怎样的。" target="_self"><span>项目文件结构</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/workspace-config" title="&quot;angular.json&quot; 包含供 CLI 命令使用的工作区和项目默认配置。" target="_self"><span>工作区配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/npm-packages" title="开发期间和运行期间所需的 npm 包的说明。" target="_self"><span>npm 包</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/typescript-configuration" title="给 Angular 开发者的 TypeScript 配置。" target="_self"><span>TypeScript 配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/browser-support" title="浏览器支持与腻子脚本指南。" target="_self"><span>浏览器支持</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular 的版本发布实践、更新与升级。" aria-pressed="false"><span>发布信息</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating" title="如何把 Angular 应用和库升级到最新版本。" target="_self"><span>保持最新</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/releases" title="Angular 的版本、发布、支持、弃用策略及实践。" target="_self"><span>发布实践</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating-to-version-9" title="支持把你的应用从 8 升级到 9。" target="_self"><span>升级到第 9 版</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/deprecations" title="弃用的 Angular API 和特性汇总。" target="_self"><span>弃用清单</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ivy" title="关于 Angular Ivy 的编译与渲染管道。" target="_self"><span>Angular Ivy</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular 语法、编码、术语汇总。" aria-pressed="false"><span>快捷手册</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/cheatsheet" title="关于 Angular 常用编码技术的快速指南。" target="_self"><span>速查表</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/styleguide" title="写出 Angular 风格的程序" target="_self"><span>风格指南</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/glossary" title="Angular 中最重要的词汇的简要定义。" target="_self"><span>词汇表</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular CLI 命令参考手册。" aria-pressed="false"><span>CLI 命令</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli" title="CLI 工具介绍、命令、语法" target="_self"><span>概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/usage-analytics-gathering" title="管理员如何从用户那里收集使用情况分析。" target="_self"><span>使用情况分析</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/add" title="ng add." target="_self"><span>ng add</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/analytics" title="ng analytics." target="_self"><span>ng analytics</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/build" title="ng build." target="_self"><span>ng build</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/config" title="ng config." target="_self"><span>ng config</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/deploy" title="ng deploy." target="_self"><span>ng deploy</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/doc" title="ng doc." target="_self"><span>ng doc</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/e2e" title="ng e2e." target="_self"><span>ng e2e</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/generate" title="ng generate." target="_self"><span>ng generate</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/help" title="ng help." target="_self"><span>ng help</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/lint" title="ng lint." target="_self"><span>ng lint</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/new" title="ng new." target="_self"><span>ng new</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/run" title="ng run." target="_self"><span>ng run</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/serve" title="ng serve." target="_self"><span>ng serve</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/test" title="ng test." target="_self"><span>ng test</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/update" title="ng update." target="_self"><span>ng update</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/version" title="ng version." target="_self"><span>ng version</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/xi18n" title="ng xi18n." target="_self"><span>ng xi18n</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="api" title="关于 Angular 中类和值的详细信息。" target="_self"><span>API 参考手册</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="mat-divider ng-star-inserted" style="margin:4px 20px;border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3"></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://github.com/ng-docs/ng-docs.github.io/issues" title="github 上的中文互助问答区" target="_blank"><span>互助问答</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://material.angular.cn" title="Angular Material 组件库的中文文档" target="_blank"><span>官方 Material 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://ng.ant.design/" title="Ant Design 的 Angular 实现，服务于企业级后台产品。" target="_blank"><span>ng-zorro 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://ng.mobile.ant.design/" title="Ant Design Mobile 的 Angular 实现，服务于无线产品。" target="_blank"><span>ng-zorro mobile 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://flutter-io.cn/" title="Flutter 中文文档站" target="_blank"><span>友站：Flutter 中文</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item></aio-nav-menu><div class="doc-version ng-tns-c18-1"><aio-select><div class="form-select-menu"><button class="form-select-button"><span><strong></strong></span><span>stable (v9.0.0)</span></button></div></aio-select></div></div></mat-sidenav><div class="cdk-visually-hidden cdk-focus-trap-anchor" aria-hidden="true"></div><mat-sidenav-content cdkscrollable="" class="mat-drawer-content mat-sidenav-content ng-star-inserted" style="margin-left:261px"><main role="main" class="sidenav-content" id="guide-universal"><aio-mode-banner></aio-mode-banner><aio-doc-viewer class=""><div style="opacity:1"><div class="github-links"><a href="https://github.com/angular/angular-cn/edit/aio/aio/content/guide/universal.md?message=docs%3A%20请简述你的修改..." aria-label="提供编辑建议" title="提供编辑建议"><i class="material-icons" aria-hidden="true" role="img">mode_edit</i></a></div><div class="content"><h1 id="server-side-rendering-ssr-with-angular-universal" translation-result="on">Angular Universal：Angular 统一平台简介<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#server-side-rendering-ssr-with-angular-universal"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h1><aio-toc class="embedded" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div class="toc-inner no-print collapsed ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" title="Expand/collapse contents" aria-label="Expand/collapse contents" class="toc-heading embedded secondary ng-star-inserted" aria-pressed="false">目录<mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon collapsed mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><ul class="toc-list embedded"><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 教程"><a href="guide/universal#universal-tutorial">Universal 教程</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 实战"><a href="guide/universal#universal-in-action">Universal 实战</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="为何需要服务端渲染？"><a href="guide/universal#why-use-server-side-rendering">为何需要服务端渲染？</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="帮助网络爬虫（SEO）"><a href="guide/universal#facilitate-web-crawlers-seo">帮助网络爬虫（SEO）</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="提升手机和低功耗设备上的性能"><a href="guide/universal#improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices">提升手机和低功耗设备上的性能</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="快速显示第一页"><a href="guide/universal#show-the-first-page-quickly">快速显示第一页</a></li><li class="h2 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="Universal Web 服务器"><a href="guide/universal#universal-web-servers">Universal Web 服务器</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="使用浏览器 API"><a href="guide/universal#working-around-the-browser-apis">使用浏览器 API</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="在 HTTP 中使用绝对地址"><a href="guide/universal#using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests">在 HTTP 中使用绝对地址</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 模板引擎"><a href="guide/universal#universal-template-engine">Universal 模板引擎</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="过滤请求的 URL"><a href="guide/universal#filtering-request-urls">过滤请求的 URL</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="安全的提供静态文件"><a href="guide/universal#serving-static-files-safely">安全的提供静态文件</a></li></ul><button type="button" title="Expand/collapse contents" aria-label="Expand/collapse contents" class="toc-more-items embedded material-icons collapsed ng-star-inserted" aria-pressed="false"></button></div></aio-toc><h1 translation-origin="off" id="server-side-rendering-ssr-with-angular-universal">Server-side rendering (SSR) with Angular Universal<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#server-side-rendering-ssr-with-angular-universal"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h1><p translation-result="on">本指南讲的是<strong>Angular Universal（统一平台）</strong>，一项在服务端运行 Angular 应用的技术。</p><p translation-origin="off">This guide describes <strong>Angular Universal</strong>, a technology that renders Angular applications on the server.</p><p translation-result="on">标准的 Angular 应用会运行在<em>浏览器</em>中，它会在 DOM 中渲染页面，以响应用户的操作。 而<strong>Angular Universal</strong> 会在<em>服务端</em>运行，生成一些<em>静态</em>的应用页面，稍后再通过客户端进行启动。 这意味着该应用的渲染通常会更快，让用户可以在应用变得完全可交互之前，先查看应用的布局。</p><p translation-origin="off">A normal Angular application executes in the <em>browser</em>, rendering pages in the DOM in response to user actions. Angular Universal executes on the <em>server</em>, generating <em>static</em> application pages that later get bootstrapped on the client. This means that the application generally renders more quickly, giving users a chance to view the application layout before it becomes fully interactive.</p><p translation-result="on">要了解 SSR 的其它技术和概念的详细信息，请参见<a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2019/02/rendering-on-the-web">这篇文章</a>。</p><p translation-origin="off">For a more detailed look at different techniques and concepts surrounding SSR, please check out this <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2019/02/rendering-on-the-web">article</a>.</p><p translation-result="on">你可以使用 <a href="guide/glossary#cli">Angular CLI</a> 来轻松为应用做好服务端渲染的准备。CLI 的 <code>@nguniversal/express-engine</code> 模板会执行下面所讲的必要步骤。</p><p translation-origin="off">You can easily prepare an app for server-side rendering using the <a href="guide/glossary#cli">Angular CLI</a>. The CLI schematic <code>@nguniversal/express-engine</code> performs the required steps, as described below.</p><div class="alert is-helpful"><p translation-result="on">你可以<a href="generated/zips/universal/universal.zip">下载最终的范例代码</a>，并将其运行在一个 <a href="https://expressjs.com/">Node.js® Express</a> 服务器中。</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Note:</strong> <a href="generated/zips/universal/universal.zip">Download the finished sample code</a>, which runs in a <a href="https://expressjs.com/">Node.js® Express</a> server.</p></div><a id="the-example"></a><h2 id="universal-tutorial" translation-result="on">Universal 教程<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-tutorial"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><h2 translation-origin="off" id="universal-tutorial">Universal tutorial<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-tutorial"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><p translation-result="on">这次演练的基础是<a href="tutorial">“英雄指南”教程</a> 。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <a href="tutorial">Tour of Heroes tutorial</a> is the foundation for this walkthrough.</p><p translation-result="on">在这个例子中，Angular CLI 使用 <a href="guide/aot-compiler">预先（AoT）编译器</a>编译并打包了该应用的 Universal 版本。 Node Express Web 服务器则会根据客户端的请求，利用 Universal 编译 HTML 页面。</p><p translation-origin="off">In this example, the Angular CLI compiles and bundles the Universal version of the app with the <a href="guide/aot-compiler">Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compiler</a>. A Node Express web server compiles HTML pages with Universal based on client requests.</p><p translation-result="on">要创建服务端应用模块 <code>app.server.module.ts</code>，请运行以下 CLI 命令。</p><p translation-origin="off">To create the server-side app module, <code>app.server.module.ts</code>, run the following CLI command.</p><code-example language="bash" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">ng add @nguniversal/express-engine</div><aio-code><pre class="lang-bash prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="pln">ng add </span><span class="lit">@nguniversal</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">express</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">engine</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on">该命令会创建如下文件夹结构。</p><p translation-origin="off">The command creates the following folder structure.</p><code-example language="none" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">src/ index.html <i>app web page</i> main.ts <i>bootstrapper for client app</i> main.server.ts <i>* bootstrapper for server app</i> style.css <i>styles for the app</i> app/ ... <i>application code</i> app.server.module.ts <i>* server-side application module</i> server.ts <i>* express web server</i> tsconfig.json <i>TypeScript client configuration</i> tsconfig.app.json <i>TypeScript client configuration</i> tsconfig.server.json <i>* TypeScript server configuration</i> tsconfig.spec.json <i>TypeScript spec configuration</i> package.json <i>npm configuration</i></div><aio-code><pre class="lang-none prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="pln">src</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">
  index</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">html                 </span><i><span class="pln">app web page</span></i><span class="pln">
  main</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">ts                    </span><i><span class="pln">bootstrapper </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> client app</span></i><span class="pln">
  main</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">ts             </span><i><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> bootstrapper </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> server app</span></i><span class="pln">
  style</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">css                  </span><i><span class="pln">styles </span><span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> the app</span></i><span class="pln">
  app</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">...</span><span class="pln">                   </span><i><span class="pln">application code</span></i><span class="pln">
    app</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">module</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">ts     </span><i><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> server</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">side application </span><span class="kwd">module</span></i><span class="pln">
server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">ts                    </span><i><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> express web server</span></i><span class="pln">
tsconfig</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">json                </span><i><span class="typ">TypeScript</span><span class="pln"> client configuration</span></i><span class="pln">
tsconfig</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">app</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">json            </span><i><span class="typ">TypeScript</span><span class="pln"> client configuration</span></i><span class="pln">
tsconfig</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">json         </span><i><span class="pun">*</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">TypeScript</span><span class="pln"> server configuration</span></i><span class="pln">
tsconfig</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">spec</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">json           </span><i><span class="typ">TypeScript</span><span class="pln"> spec configuration</span></i><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">package</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">json                 </span><i><span class="pln">npm configuration</span></i></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on">标有 <code>*</code> 的文件都是新增的，不在原始的教程示例中。</p><p translation-origin="off">The files marked with <code>*</code> are new and not in the original tutorial sample.</p><h3 id="universal-in-action" translation-result="on">Universal 实战<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-in-action"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="universal-in-action">Universal in action<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-in-action"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">要使用 Universal 在本地系统中渲染你的应用，请使用如下命令。</p><p translation-origin="off">To start rendering your app with Universal on your local system, use the following command.</p><code-example language="bash" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">npm run build:ssr &amp;&amp; npm run serve:ssr</div><aio-code><pre class="lang-bash prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="pln">npm run build</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">ssr </span><span class="pun">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="pln"> npm run serve</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln">ssr</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on">打开浏览器，导航到 <a href="http://localhost:4000/%E3%80%82%E4%BD%A0%E4%BC%9A%E7%9C%8B%E5%88%B0%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E2%80%9D%E4%BB%AA%E8%A1%A8%E7%9B%98%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E3%80%82">http://localhost:4000/。你会看到熟悉的“英雄指南”仪表盘页面。</a></p><p translation-origin="off">Open a browser and navigate to <a href="http://localhost:4000/">http://localhost:4000/</a>. You should see the familiar Tour of Heroes dashboard page.</p><p translation-result="on">通过 <code>routerLinks</code> 导航时能正常工作，因为它们使用的是原生的链接标签（<code>&lt;a&gt;</code>）。你可以从仪表盘进入 英雄列表页面，然后返回。你可以点击仪表盘页面上的一个英雄来显示他的详情页面。</p><p translation-origin="off">Navigation via <code>routerLinks</code> works correctly because they use the native anchor (<code>&lt;a&gt;</code>) tags. You can go from the Dashboard to the Heroes page and back. You can click a hero on the Dashboard page to display its Details page.</p><p translation-result="on">如果你限制下网速（稍后会讲操作步骤），让客户端脚本下载时间变长，你会注意到：</p><p translation-origin="off">If you throttle your network speed so that the client-side scripts take longer to download (instructions below), you'll notice:</p><ul><li><p translation-result="on">点击英雄列表页面上的英雄没有反应。</p><p translation-origin="off">Clicking a hero on the Heroes page does nothing.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">你无法添加或删除英雄。</p><p translation-origin="off">You can't add or delete a hero.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">仪表盘页面上的搜索框会被忽略。</p><p translation-origin="off">The search box on the Dashboard page is ignored.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">“详情”页面上的<em>后退</em>和<em>保存</em>按钮不起作用。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <em>Back</em> and <em>Save</em> buttons on the Details page don't work.</p></li></ul><p translation-result="on">不支持除了点击 <code><a href="api/router/RouterLink" class="code-anchor">routerLink</a></code> 以外的任何用户事件。你必须等待完整的客户端应用启动并运行，或者使用 <a href="https://github.com/angular/preboot">preboot 之类的</a>库来缓冲这些事件，这样你就可以在客户端脚本加载完毕后重放这些事件。</p><p translation-origin="off">User events other than <code><a href="api/router/RouterLink" class="code-anchor">routerLink</a></code> clicks aren't supported. You must wait for the full client app to bootstrap and run, or buffer the events using libraries like <a href="https://github.com/angular/preboot">preboot</a>, which allow you to replay these events once the client-side scripts load.</p><p translation-result="on">在开发机器上，从服务端渲染的应用过渡到客户端应用的过程会很快，但是你还是应该在实际场景中测试一下你的应用。</p><p translation-origin="off">The transition from the server-rendered app to the client app happens quickly on a development machine, but you should always test your apps in real-world scenarios.</p><p translation-result="on">你可以通过模拟速度较慢的网络来更清晰地看到这种转换，如下所示：</p><p translation-origin="off">You can simulate a slower network to see the transition more clearly as follows:</p><ol><li><p translation-result="on">打开 Chrome 开发者工具，进入 Network 标签页。</p><p translation-origin="off">Open the Chrome Dev Tools and go to the Network tab.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">找一下菜单栏最右侧的 <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/network-performance/reference#throttling">Network Throttling</a> 下拉菜单。</p><p translation-origin="off">Find the <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/network-performance/reference#throttling">Network Throttling</a> dropdown on the far right of the menu bar.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">尝试一下 “3G” 的速度吧。</p><p translation-origin="off">Try one of the "3G" speeds.</p></li></ol><p translation-result="on">服务端渲染的应用仍然可以快速启动，但完整的客户端应用可能需要几秒钟才能加载完。</p><p translation-origin="off">The server-rendered app still launches quickly but the full client app may take seconds to load.</p><a id="why-do-it"></a><h2 id="why-use-server-side-rendering" translation-result="on">为何需要服务端渲染？<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#why-use-server-side-rendering"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><h2 translation-origin="off" id="why-use-server-side-rendering">Why use server-side rendering?<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#why-use-server-side-rendering"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><p translation-result="on">有三个主要的理由来为你的应用创建一个 Universal 版本。</p><p translation-origin="off">There are three main reasons to create a Universal version of your app.</p><ol><li><p translation-result="on">通过<a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//webmasters/docs/search-engine-optimization-starter-guide.pdf">搜索引擎优化(SEO)</a>来帮助网络爬虫。</p><p translation-origin="off">Facilitate web crawlers through <a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//webmasters/docs/search-engine-optimization-starter-guide.pdf">search engine optimization (SEO)</a></p></li><li><p translation-result="on">提升在手机和低功耗设备上的性能</p><p translation-origin="off">Improve performance on mobile and low-powered devices</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">迅速显示出第一个支持<a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/audits/first-contentful-paint">首次内容绘制(FCP)</a>的页面</p><p translation-origin="off">Show the first page quickly with a <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/audits/first-contentful-paint">first-contentful paint (FCP)</a></p></li></ol><a id="seo"></a> <a id="web-crawlers"></a><h3 id="facilitate-web-crawlers-seo" translation-result="on">帮助网络爬虫（SEO）<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#facilitate-web-crawlers-seo"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="facilitate-web-crawlers-seo">Facilitate web crawlers (SEO)<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#facilitate-web-crawlers-seo"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">Google、Bing、Facebook、Twitter 和其它社交媒体网站都依赖网络爬虫去索引你的应用内容，并且让它的内容可以通过网络搜索到。</p><p translation-origin="off">Google, Bing, Facebook, Twitter, and other social media sites rely on web crawlers to index your application content and make that content searchable on the web.</p><p translation-result="on">这些网络爬虫可能不会像人类那样导航到你的具有高度交互性的 Angular 应用，并为其建立索引。</p><p translation-origin="off">These web crawlers may be unable to navigate and index your highly interactive Angular application as a human user could do.</p><p translation-result="on">Angular Universal 可以为你生成应用的静态版本，它易搜索、可链接，浏览时也不必借助 JavaScript。 它也让站点可以被预览，因为每个 URL 返回的都是一个完全渲染好的页面。</p><p translation-origin="off">Angular Universal can generate a static version of your app that is easily searchable, linkable, and navigable without JavaScript. Universal also makes a site preview available since each URL returns a fully rendered page.</p><a id="no-javascript"></a><h3 id="improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices" translation-result="on">提升手机和低功耗设备上的性能<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices">Improve performance on mobile and low-powered devices<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">有些设备不支持 JavaScript 或 JavaScript 执行得很差，导致用户体验不可接受。 对于这些情况，你可能会需要该应用的服务端渲染的、无 JavaScript 的版本。 虽然有一些限制，不过这个版本可能是那些完全没办法使用该应用的人的唯一选择。</p><p translation-origin="off">Some devices don't support JavaScript or execute JavaScript so poorly that the user experience is unacceptable. For these cases, you may require a server-rendered, no-JavaScript version of the app. This version, however limited, may be the only practical alternative for people who otherwise couldn't use the app at all.</p><a id="startup-performance"></a><h3 id="show-the-first-page-quickly" translation-result="on">快速显示第一页<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#show-the-first-page-quickly"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="show-the-first-page-quickly">Show the first page quickly<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#show-the-first-page-quickly"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">快速显示第一页对于吸引用户是至关重要的。</p><p translation-origin="off">Displaying the first page quickly can be critical for user engagement.</p><p translation-result="on">如果页面加载超过了三秒钟，那么 <a href="https://www.doubleclickbygoogle.com/articles/mobile-speed-matters/">53% 的移动网站会被放弃</a>。 你的应用要启动得更快一点，以便在用户决定做别的事情之前吸引他们的注意力。</p><p translation-origin="off"><a href="https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-resources/data-measurement/mobile-page-speed-new-industry-benchmarks/">53 percent of mobile site visits are abandoned</a> if pages take longer than 3 seconds to load. Your app may have to launch faster to engage these users before they decide to do something else.</p><p translation-result="on">使用 Angular Universal，你可以为应用生成“着陆页”，它们看起来就和完整的应用一样。 这些着陆页是纯 HTML，并且即使 JavaScript 被禁用了也能显示。 这些页面不会处理浏览器事件，不过它们<em>可以</em>用 <code>[<a href="api/router/RouterLink" class="code-anchor">routerLink</a>](guide/router#router-link)</code> 在这个网站中导航。</p><p translation-origin="off">With Angular Universal, you can generate landing pages for the app that look like the complete app. The pages are pure HTML, and can display even if JavaScript is disabled. The pages don't handle browser events, but they <em>do</em> support navigation through the site using <a href="guide/router#router-link"><code>routerLink</code></a>.</p><p translation-result="on">在实践中，你可能要使用一个着陆页的静态版本来保持用户的注意力。 同时，你也会在幕后加载完整的 Angular 应用。 用户会觉得着陆页几乎是立即出现的，而当完整的应用加载完之后，又可以获得完整的交互体验。</p><p translation-origin="off">In practice, you'll serve a static version of the landing page to hold the user's attention. At the same time, you'll load the full Angular app behind it. The user perceives near-instant performance from the landing page and gets the full interactive experience after the full app loads.</p><a id="how-does-it-work"></a><h2 id="universal-web-servers" translation-result="on">Universal Web 服务器<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-web-servers"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><h2 translation-origin="off" id="universal-web-servers">Universal web servers<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-web-servers"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><p translation-result="on">Universal Web 服务器使用 <a href="guide/universal#universal-engine">Universal 模板引擎</a>渲染出的静态 HTML 来响应对应用页面的请求。 服务器接收并响应来自客户端（通常是浏览器）的 HTTP 请求，并回复静态文件，如脚本、CSS 和图片。 它可以直接响应数据请求，也可以作为独立数据服务器的代理进行响应。</p><p translation-origin="off">A Universal web server responds to application page requests with static HTML rendered by the <a href="guide/universal#universal-engine">Universal template engine</a>. The server receives and responds to HTTP requests from clients (usually browsers), and serves static assets such as scripts, CSS, and images. It may respond to data requests, either directly or as a proxy to a separate data server.</p><p translation-result="on">这个例子中的范例 Web 服务器是基于常见的 <a href="https://expressjs.com/">Express</a> 框架的。</p><p translation-origin="off">The sample web server for this guide is based on the popular <a href="https://expressjs.com/">Express</a> framework.</p><div class="alert is-helpful"><p translation-result="on"><strong>注意：</strong> <strong>任何一种</strong> Web 服务器技术都可以作为 Universal 应用的服务器，只要它能调用 Universal 的 <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 函数。 这里所讨论的这些原则和决策点也适用于任何 Web 服务器技术。</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Note:</strong> <em>Any</em> web server technology can serve a Universal app as long as it can call Universal's <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function. The principles and decision points discussed here apply to any web server technology.</p></div><p translation-result="on">Universal 应用使用 <code>platform-server</code> 包（而不是 <code>platform-browser</code>），它提供了 DOM 的服务端实现、<code>XMLHttpRequest</code> 以及其它不依赖浏览器的底层特性。</p><p translation-origin="off">Universal applications use the Angular <code>platform-server</code> package (as opposed to <code>platform-browser</code>), which provides server implementations of the DOM, <code>XMLHttpRequest</code>, and other low-level features that don't rely on a browser.</p><p translation-result="on">服务器（这个例子中使用的是 <a href="https://expressjs.com/">Node Express</a> 服务器）会把客户端对应用页面的请求传给 NgUniversal 的 <code>ngExpressEngine</code>。在内部实现上，它会调用 Universal 的 <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 函数，它还提供了缓存等有用的工具函数。</p><p translation-origin="off">The server (<a href="https://expressjs.com/">Node Express</a> in this guide's example) passes client requests for application pages to the NgUniversal <code>ngExpressEngine</code>. Under the hood, this calls Universal's <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function, while providing caching and other helpful utilities.</p><p translation-result="on"><code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 函数接受一个<em>模板</em> HTML 页面（通常是 <code>index.html</code>）、一个包含组件的 Angular <em>模块</em>和一个用于决定该显示哪些组件的<em>路由</em>作为输入。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function takes as inputs a <em>template</em> HTML page (usually <code>index.html</code>), an Angular <em>module</em> containing components, and a <em>route</em> that determines which components to display.</p><p translation-result="on">该路由从客户端的请求中传给服务器。</p><p translation-origin="off">The route comes from the client's request to the server.</p><p translation-result="on">每次请求都会给出所请求路由的一个适当的视图。</p><p translation-origin="off">Each request results in the appropriate view for the requested route.</p><p translation-result="on"><code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 在模板中的 <code>&lt;app&gt;</code> 标记中渲染出这个视图，并为客户端创建一个完成的 HTML 页面。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function renders the view within the <code>&lt;app&gt;</code> tag of the template, creating a finished HTML page for the client.</p><p translation-result="on">最后，服务器就会把渲染好的页面返回给客户端。</p><p translation-origin="off">Finally, the server returns the rendered page to the client.</p><h3 id="working-around-the-browser-apis" translation-result="on">使用浏览器 API<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#working-around-the-browser-apis"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="working-around-the-browser-apis">Working around the browser APIs<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#working-around-the-browser-apis"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">由于 Universal 应用并没有运行在浏览器中，因此该服务器上可能会缺少浏览器的某些 API 和其它能力。</p><p translation-origin="off">Because a Universal app doesn't execute in the browser, some of the browser APIs and capabilities may be missing on the server.</p><p translation-result="on">比如，服务端应用不能引用浏览器独有的全局对象，比如 <code>window</code>、<code><a href="api/platform-server/PlatformConfig#document" class="code-anchor">document</a></code>、<code>navigator</code> 或 <code>location</code>。</p><p translation-origin="off">For example, server-side applications can't reference browser-only global objects such as <code>window</code>, <code><a href="api/platform-server/PlatformConfig#document" class="code-anchor">document</a></code>, <code>navigator</code>, or <code>location</code>.</p><p translation-result="on">Angular 提供了一些这些对象的可注入的抽象层，比如 <a href="api/common/Location"><code>Location</code></a>或 <a href="api/common/DOCUMENT"><code>DOCUMENT</code></a>，它可以作为你所调用的 API 的等效替身。 如果 Angular 没有提供它，你也可以写一个自己的抽象层，当在浏览器中运行时，就把它委托给浏览器 API，当它在服务器中运行时，就提供一个符合要求的代用实现（也叫垫片 - shimming）。</p><p translation-origin="off">Angular provides some injectable abstractions over these objects, such as <a href="api/common/Location"><code>Location</code></a>or <a href="api/common/DOCUMENT"><code>DOCUMENT</code></a>; it may substitute adequately for these APIs. If Angular doesn't provide it, it's possible to write new abstractions that delegate to the browser APIs while in the browser and to an alternative implementation while on the server (aka shimming).</p><p translation-result="on">同样，由于没有鼠标或键盘事件，因此 Universal 应用也不能依赖于用户点击某个按钮来显示每个组件。 Universal 应用必须仅仅根据客户端过来的请求决定要渲染的内容。 把该应用做成<a href="guide/router">可路由的</a>，就是一种好方案。</p><p translation-origin="off">Similarly, without mouse or keyboard events, a server-side app can't rely on a user clicking a button to show a component. The app must determine what to render based solely on the incoming client request. This is a good argument for making the app <a href="guide/router">routable</a>.</p><a id="http-urls"></a><h3 id="using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests" translation-result="on">在 HTTP 中使用绝对地址<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests">Using absolute URLs for server requests<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">教程中的 <code>HeroService</code> 和 <code>HeroSearchService</code> 都委托了 Angular 的 <code><a href="api/common/http/HttpClient" class="code-anchor">HttpClient</a></code> 模块来获取应用数据。 那些服务都把请求发送到了<em>相对</em> URL，比如 <code>api/heroes</code>。 在 Universal 应用中，HTTP 的 URL 必须是<em>绝对地址</em>（比如 <code>https://my-server.com/api/heroes</code>）， 只有这样，Universal 的 Web 服务器才能处理那些请求。 这意味着当运行在服务端时，你要修改你的服务，来使用绝对 URL发起请求，而在浏览器中，则使用相对 URL。</p><p translation-origin="off">The tutorial's <code>HeroService</code> and <code>HeroSearchService</code> delegate to the Angular <code><a href="api/common/http/HttpClient" class="code-anchor">HttpClient</a></code> module to fetch application data. These services send requests to <em>relative</em> URLs such as <code>api/heroes</code>. In a Universal app, HTTP URLs must be <em>absolute</em>(for example, <code>https://my-server.com/api/heroes</code>). This means you need to change your services to make requests with absolute URLs when running on the server and with relative URLs when running in the browser.</p><p translation-result="on">解决方案之一是在服务器上运行时提供完整的 URL，并且写拦截器来获取这个值，并把它追加到请求 URL 的前部。假设你在使用 <code>ngExpressEngine</code>（就像本章的例子一样），大约一半儿的工作就已经就绪了。这里我们就基于此假设，但即使要自行实现同样的功能也很简单。</p><p translation-origin="off">One solution is to provide the full URL to your application on the server, and write an interceptor that can retrieve this value and prepend it to the request URL. If you're using the <code>ngExpressEngine</code>, as shown in the example in this guide, half the work is already done. We'll assume this is the case, but it's trivial to provide the same functionality.</p><p translation-result="on">我们从创建 <a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor">HttpInterceptor</a> 开始：</p><p translation-origin="off">Start by creating an <a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor">HttpInterceptor</a>.</p><code-example language="typescript" header="universal-interceptor.ts" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">import {<a href="api/core/Injectable" class="code-anchor">Injectable</a>, <a href="api/core/Inject" class="code-anchor">Inject</a>, <a href="api/core/Optional" class="code-anchor">Optional</a>} from '@angular/core'; import {<a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor" class="code-anchor">HttpInterceptor</a>, <a href="api/common/http/HttpHandler" class="code-anchor">HttpHandler</a>, <a href="api/common/http/HttpRequest" class="code-anchor">HttpRequest</a>, <a href="api/common/http/HttpHeaders" class="code-anchor">HttpHeaders</a>} from '@angular/common/<a href="api/common/http" class="code-anchor">http</a>'; import {Request} from 'express'; import {REQUEST} from '@nguniversal/express-engine/tokens'; @<a href="api/core/Injectable" class="code-anchor">Injectable</a>() export class UniversalInterceptor implements <a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor" class="code-anchor">HttpInterceptor</a> { constructor(@<a href="api/core/Optional" class="code-anchor">Optional</a>() @<a href="api/core/Inject" class="code-anchor">Inject</a>(REQUEST) protected request: Request) {} intercept(req: <a href="api/common/http/HttpRequest" class="code-anchor">HttpRequest</a><any>, next: HttpHandler) { let serverReq: HttpRequest<any>= req; if (this.request) { let newUrl = `${this.request.protocol}://${this.request.get('host')}`; if (!req.url.startsWith('/')) { newUrl += '/'; } newUrl += req.url; serverReq = req.clone({url: newUrl}); } return next.handle(serverReq); } }</any></any></div><header class="ng-star-inserted">universal-interceptor.ts</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang-typescript prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from universal-interceptor.ts">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><a href="api/core/Injectable" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">Injectable</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/core/Inject" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">Inject</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/core/Optional" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">Optional</span></a><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'@angular/core'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpInterceptor</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HttpHandler" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpHandler</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HttpRequest" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpRequest</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HttpHeaders" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpHeaders</span></a><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'@angular/common/</span><a href="api/common/http" class="code-anchor"><span class="str">http</span></a><span class="str">'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="typ">Request</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'express'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">REQUEST</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'@nguniversal/express-engine/tokens'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="lit">@</span><a href="api/core/Injectable" class="code-anchor"><span class="lit">Injectable</span></a><span class="pun">()</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">export</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">class</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">UniversalInterceptor</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">implements</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HttpInterceptor" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpInterceptor</span></a><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">

  </span><span class="kwd">constructor</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">@</span><a href="api/core/Optional" class="code-anchor"><span class="lit">Optional</span></a><span class="pun">()</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">@</span><a href="api/core/Inject" class="code-anchor"><span class="lit">Inject</span></a><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">REQUEST</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">protected</span><span class="pln"> request</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">Request</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{}</span><span class="pln">

  intercept</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">req</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HttpRequest" class="code-anchor"><span class="typ">HttpRequest</span></a><any><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> next</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">HttpHandler</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
    </span><span class="kwd">let</span><span class="pln"> serverReq</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">HttpRequest</span><any><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> req</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
    </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="kwd">this</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">request</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
      </span><span class="kwd">let</span><span class="pln"> newUrl </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">`</span><span class="pln">$</span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="kwd">this</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">request</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">protocol</span><span class="pun">}:</span><span class="com">//${this.request.get('host')}`;</span><span class="pln">
      </span><span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(!</span><span class="pln">req</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">url</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">startsWith</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'/'</span><span class="pun">))</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
        newUrl </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">'/'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
      </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
      newUrl </span><span class="pun">+=</span><span class="pln"> req</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">url</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
      serverReq </span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln"> req</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">clone</span><span class="pun">({</span><span class="pln">url</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> newUrl</span><span class="pun">});</span><span class="pln">
    </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
    </span><span class="kwd">return</span><span class="pln"> next</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">handle</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">serverReq</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
  </span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln">
</span></any></any></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on">接下来，在服务端的 <code>AppModule</code> (app.server.module.ts) 的 <code>providers</code> 中提供这个拦截器：</p><p translation-origin="off">Next, provide the interceptor in the providers for the server <code>AppModule</code>.</p><code-example language="typescript" header="app.server.module.ts" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">import {<a href="api/common/http/HTTP_INTERCEPTORS" class="code-anchor">HTTP_INTERCEPTORS</a>} from '@angular/common/<a href="api/common/http" class="code-anchor">http</a>'; import {UniversalInterceptor} from './universal-interceptor'; @<a href="api/core/NgModule" class="code-anchor">NgModule</a>({ ... providers: [{ provide: <a href="api/common/http/HTTP_INTERCEPTORS" class="code-anchor">HTTP_INTERCEPTORS</a>, useClass: UniversalInterceptor, multi: true }], }) export class AppServerModule {}</div><header class="ng-star-inserted">app.server.module.ts</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang-typescript prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from app.server.module.ts">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><a href="api/common/http/HTTP_INTERCEPTORS" class="code-anchor"><span class="pln">HTTP_INTERCEPTORS</span></a><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'@angular/common/</span><a href="api/common/http" class="code-anchor"><span class="str">http</span></a><span class="str">'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">import</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="typ">UniversalInterceptor</span><span class="pun">}</span><span class="pln"> from </span><span class="str">'./universal-interceptor'</span><span class="pun">;</span><span class="pln">

</span><span class="lit">@</span><a href="api/core/NgModule" class="code-anchor"><span class="lit">NgModule</span></a><span class="pun">({</span><span class="pln">
  </span><span class="pun">...</span><span class="pln">
  providers</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">[{</span><span class="pln">
    provide</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/http/HTTP_INTERCEPTORS" class="code-anchor"><span class="pln">HTTP_INTERCEPTORS</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
    useClass</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">UniversalInterceptor</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
    multi</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">true</span><span class="pln">
  </span><span class="pun">}],</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">})</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="kwd">export</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="kwd">class</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">AppServerModule</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{}</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on">现在，当服务器发起每个 HTTP 请求时，该拦截器都会被触发，并把请求的 URL 替换为由 Express 的 <code>Request</code> 对象给出的绝对地址。</p><p translation-origin="off">Now, on every HTTP request made on the server, this interceptor will fire and replace the request URL with the absolute URL provided in the Express <code>Request</code> object.</p><a id="universal-engine"></a><h3 id="universal-template-engine" translation-result="on">Universal 模板引擎<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-template-engine"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="universal-template-engine">Universal template engine<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#universal-template-engine"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on"><code>server.ts</code> 文件中最重要的部分是 <code>ngExpressEngine()</code> 函数：</p><p translation-origin="off">The important bit in the <code>server.ts</code> file is the <code>ngExpressEngine()</code> function.</p><code-example path="universal/server.ts" header="server.ts" region="ngExpressEngine" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">server.engine('html', ngExpressEngine({ bootstrap: AppServerModule, }));</div><header class="ng-star-inserted">server.ts</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang- prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from server.ts">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="pln">server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">engine</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'html'</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> ngExpressEngine</span><span class="pun">({</span><span class="pln">
  bootstrap</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="typ">AppServerModule</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}));</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><p translation-result="on"><code>ngExpressEngine()</code> 是对 Universal 的 <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 函数的封装。它会把客户端请求转换成服务端渲染的 HTML 页面。 你还要在某个适用于你服务端技术栈的<em>模板引擎</em>中调用这个函数。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <code>ngExpressEngine()</code> function is a wrapper around Universal's <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function which turns a client's requests into server-rendered HTML pages.</p><ul><li><p translation-result="on">第一个参数是 <code>AppServerModule</code>。 它是 Universal 服务端渲染器和你的应用之间的桥梁。</p><p translation-origin="off">The first parameter is <code>AppServerModule</code>. It's the bridge between the Universal server-side renderer and the Angular application.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on">第二个参数 <code>extraProviders</code> 是可选的。它能让你指定一些在服务端运行时特有的服务提供商。 只有当你的应用需要一些运行在服务器中才需要的信息时，才需要这么做。 比如这个运行中的服务器的<em>源</em>地址，当像前面例子中那样无法使用 <code>Request</code> 令牌时，可用它来<a href="guide/universal#http-urls">计算 HTTP URL 的绝对地址</a>。</p><p translation-origin="off">The second parameter, <code>extraProviders</code>, is optional. It lets you specify dependency providers that apply only when running on this server. You can do this when your app needs information that can only be determined by the currently running server instance. One example could be the running server's <em>origin</em>, which could be used to <a href="guide/universal#http-urls">calculate absolute HTTP URLs</a> if not using the <code>Request</code> token as shown above.</p></li></ul><p translation-result="on"><code>ngExpressEngine()</code> 函数返回了一个会解析成渲染好的页面的<em>承诺（Promise）</em>。 接下来你的引擎要决定拿这个页面做点什么。 在<em>这个引擎</em>的 <code>Promise</code> 回调函数中，把渲染好的页面返回给了 Web 服务器，然后服务器通过 HTTP 响应把它转发给了客户端。</p><p translation-origin="off">The <code>ngExpressEngine()</code> function returns a <code>Promise</code> callback that resolves to the rendered page. It's up to the engine to decide what to do with that page. This engine's <code>Promise</code> callback returns the rendered page to the web server, which then forwards it to the client in the HTTP response.</p><div class="alert is-helpful"><p translation-result="on"><strong>注意：</strong> 这个包装器帮助隐藏了 <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> 的复杂性。 在 <a href="https://github.com/angular/universal">Universal 代码库中</a>还有更多针对其它后端技术的包装器。</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Note:</strong> These wrappers help hide the complexity of the <code><a href="api/platform-server/renderModule" class="code-anchor">renderModule</a>()</code> function. There are more wrappers for different backend technologies at the <a href="https://github.com/angular/universal">Universal repository</a>.</p></div><h3 id="filtering-request-urls" translation-result="on">过滤请求的 URL<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#filtering-request-urls"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="filtering-request-urls">Filtering request URLs<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#filtering-request-urls"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">注意：当使用 NgUniversal Express 原理图时，将自动处理稍后描述的基本行为。当你要尝试理解其底层行为或在不使用原理图的情况下自行实现它时，这一节会很有用。</p><p translation-origin="off">NOTE: the basic behavior described below is handled automatically when using the NgUniversal Express schematic, this is helpful when trying to understand the underlying behavior or replicate it without using the schematic.</p><p translation-result="on">Web 服务器必须把<em>对应用页面的请求</em>和其它类型的请求区分开。</p><p translation-origin="off">The web server must distinguish <em>app page requests</em> from other kinds of requests.</p><p translation-result="on">这可不像拦截对根路径 <code>/</code> 的请求那么简单。 浏览器可以请求应用中的任何一个路由地址，比如 <code>/dashboard</code>、<code>/heroes</code> 或 <code>/detail:12</code>。 事实上，如果应用<em>只</em>会通过服务器渲染，那么应用中点击的<em>任何一个</em>链接都会发到服务器，就像导航时的地址会发到路由器一样。</p><p translation-origin="off">It's not as simple as intercepting a request to the root address <code>/</code>. The browser could ask for one of the application routes such as <code>/dashboard</code>, <code>/heroes</code>, or <code>/detail:12</code>. In fact, if the app were only rendered by the server, <em>every</em> app link clicked would arrive at the server as a navigation URL intended for the router.</p><p translation-result="on">幸运的是，应用的路由具有一些共同特征：它们的 URL 一般不带文件扩展名。 （数据请求也可能缺少扩展名，但是它们很容易识别出来，因为它们总是以 <code>/api</code> 开头，所有的静态资源的请求都会带有一个扩展名，比如 <code>main.js</code> 或 <code>/node_modules/zone.js/dist/zone.js</code>）。</p><p translation-origin="off">Fortunately, application routes have something in common: their URLs lack file extensions. (Data requests also lack extensions but they're easy to recognize because they always begin with <code>/api</code>.) All static asset requests have a file extension (such as <code>main.js</code> or <code>/node_modules/zone.js/dist/zone.js</code>).</p><p translation-result="on">由于使用了路由，所以我们可以轻松的识别出这三种类型的请求，并分别处理它们。</p><p translation-origin="off">Because we use routing, we can easily recognize the three types of requests and handle them differently.</p><ol><li><p translation-result="on"><strong>数据请求</strong>：请求的 URL 用 <code>/api</code> 开头</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Data request</strong>: request URL that begins <code>/api</code>.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on"><strong>应用导航</strong>：请求的 URL 不带扩展名</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>App navigation</strong>: request URL with no file extension.</p></li><li><p translation-result="on"><strong>静态资源</strong>：所有其它请求。</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Static asset</strong>: all other requests.</p></li></ol><p translation-result="on">Node Express 服务器是一系列中间件构成的管道，它会挨个对 URL 请求进行过滤和处理。 你可以调用 <code>app.get()</code> 来配置 Express 服务器的管道，就像下面这个数据请求一样：</p><p translation-origin="off">A Node Express server is a pipeline of middleware that filters and processes requests one after the other. You configure the Node Express server pipeline with calls to <code>app.get()</code> like this one for data requests.</p><code-example path="universal/server.ts" header="server.ts (data URL)" region="data-request" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">// TODO: implement data requests securely server.get('/api/*', (req, res) =&gt; { res.status(404).send('data requests are not supported'); });</div><header class="ng-star-inserted">server.ts (data URL)</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang- prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from server.ts (data URL)">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com">// TODO: implement data requests securely</span><span class="pln">
server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'/api/*'</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">req</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> res</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=&gt;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
  res</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">status</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">404</span><span class="pun">).</span><span class="pln">send</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'data requests are not supported'</span><span class="pun">);</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">});</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><div class="alert is-helpful"><p translation-result="on"><strong>注意：</strong>这个范例服务器不会处理数据请求。</p><p translation-origin="off"><strong>Note:</strong> This sample server doesn't handle data requests.</p><p translation-result="on">本教程的“内存 Web API” 模块（一个演示及开发工具）拦截了所有 HTTP 调用，并且模拟了远端数据服务器的行为。 在实践中，你应该移除这个模块，并且在服务器上注册你的 Web API 中间件。</p><p translation-origin="off">The tutorial's "in-memory web API" module, a demo and development tool, intercepts all HTTP calls and simulates the behavior of a remote data server. In practice, you would remove that module and register your web API middleware on the server here.</p></div><p translation-result="on">下列代码会过滤出不带扩展名的 URL，并把它们当做导航请求进行处理。</p><p translation-origin="off">The following code filters for request URLs with no extensions and treats them as navigation requests.</p><code-example path="universal/server.ts" header="server.ts (navigation)" region="navigation-request" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">// <a href="" class="code-anchor">All</a> regular routes use the Universal engine server.get('*', (req, res) =&gt; { res.render('index', { req, providers: [{ provide: <a href="api/common/APP_BASE_HREF" class="code-anchor">APP_BASE_HREF</a>, <a href="api/core/ValueSansProvider#useValue" class="code-anchor">useValue</a>: req.baseUrl }] }); });</div><header class="ng-star-inserted">server.ts (navigation)</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang- prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from server.ts (navigation)">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com">// </span><a href="" class="code-anchor"><span class="com">All</span></a><span class="com"> regular routes use the Universal engine</span><span class="pln">
server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'*'</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">req</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> res</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">=&gt;</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
  res</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">render</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'index'</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln"> req</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> providers</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">[{</span><span class="pln"> provide</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/common/APP_BASE_HREF" class="code-anchor"><span class="pln">APP_BASE_HREF</span></a><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><a href="api/core/ValueSansProvider#useValue" class="code-anchor"><span class="pln">useValue</span></a><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> req</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">baseUrl </span><span class="pun">}]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">});</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">});</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example><h3 id="serving-static-files-safely" translation-result="on">安全的提供静态文件<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#serving-static-files-safely"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><h3 translation-origin="off" id="serving-static-files-safely">Serving static files safely<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="guide/universal#serving-static-files-safely"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p translation-result="on">单独的 <code>app.use()</code> 会处理所有其它 URL，比如对 JavaScript 、图片和样式表等静态资源的请求。</p><p translation-origin="off">A single <code>app.use()</code> treats all other URLs as requests for static assets such as JavaScript, image, and style files.</p><p translation-result="on">要保证客户端只能下载那些<em>允许</em>他们访问的文件，你应该把所有面向客户端的资源文件都放在 <code>/dist</code> 目录下，并且只允许客户端请求来自 <code>/dist</code> 目录下的文件。</p><p translation-origin="off">To ensure that clients can only download the files that they are permitted to see, put all client-facing asset files in the <code>/dist</code> folder and only honor requests for files from the <code>/dist</code> folder.</p><p translation-result="on">下列 Express 代码会把剩下的所有请求都路由到 <code>/dist</code> 目录下，如果文件未找到，就会返回 <code>404 - NOT FOUND</code>。</p><p translation-origin="off">The following Node Express code routes all remaining requests to <code>/dist</code>, and returns a <code>404 - NOT FOUND</code> error if the file isn't found.</p><code-example path="universal/server.ts" header="server.ts (static files)" region="static" ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div style="display:none">// Serve <a href="api/upgrade/static" class="code-anchor">static</a> files from /<a href="api/animations/browser" class="code-anchor">browser</a> server.get('*.*', express.static(distFolder, { maxAge: '1y' }));</div><header class="ng-star-inserted">server.ts (static files)</header><aio-code class="headed-code"><pre class="lang- prettyprint">      <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="Copy code snippet from server.ts (static files)">
        <span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
      </button>
      <code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com">// Serve </span><a href="api/upgrade/static" class="code-anchor"><span class="com">static</span></a><span class="com"> files from /</span><a href="api/animations/browser" class="code-anchor"><span class="com">browser</span></a><span class="pln">
server</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="str">'*.*'</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> express</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">static</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">distFolder</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">{</span><span class="pln">
  maxAge</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">'1y'</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">}));</span></code>
    </pre></aio-code></code-example></div></div></aio-doc-viewer></main></mat-sidenav-content></mat-sidenav-container><div class="toc-container no-print ng-star-inserted"><aio-lazy-ce selector="aio-toc"><aio-toc ng-version="9.0.0-rc.11"><div class="toc-inner no-print collapsed ng-star-inserted"><ul class="toc-list"><li class="h1 ng-star-inserted active" title="Angular Universal：Angular 统一平台简介"><a href="guide/universal#server-side-rendering-ssr-with-angular-universal">Angular Universal：Angular 统一平台简介</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 教程"><a href="guide/universal#universal-tutorial">Universal 教程</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 实战"><a href="guide/universal#universal-in-action">Universal 实战</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="为何需要服务端渲染？"><a href="guide/universal#why-use-server-side-rendering">为何需要服务端渲染？</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="帮助网络爬虫（SEO）"><a href="guide/universal#facilitate-web-crawlers-seo">帮助网络爬虫（SEO）</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="提升手机和低功耗设备上的性能"><a href="guide/universal#improve-performance-on-mobile-and-low-powered-devices">提升手机和低功耗设备上的性能</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="快速显示第一页"><a href="guide/universal#show-the-first-page-quickly">快速显示第一页</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal Web 服务器"><a href="guide/universal#universal-web-servers">Universal Web 服务器</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="使用浏览器 API"><a href="guide/universal#working-around-the-browser-apis">使用浏览器 API</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="在 HTTP 中使用绝对地址"><a href="guide/universal#using-absolute-urls-for-server-requests">在 HTTP 中使用绝对地址</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Universal 模板引擎"><a href="guide/universal#universal-template-engine">Universal 模板引擎</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="过滤请求的 URL"><a href="guide/universal#filtering-request-urls">过滤请求的 URL</a></li><li 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